language definition

English language definition

Pronunciation

• enPR: lăngʹgwĭj, IPA^(key): /ˈlæŋɡwɪd͡ʒ/
  • (General American, Canada) IPA^(key): (see /æ/ raising) [ˈleɪŋɡwɪd͡ʒ]

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -æŋɡwɪdʒ
• Hyphenation: lan‧guage

Etymology 1

From Middle English langage, language, from Old French language, from Vulgar Latin *linguāticum, from Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”), from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (“tongue, speech, language”). Displaced native Old English ġeþēode.

Noun

language (countable and uncountable, plural languages)

Examples
The English Wiktionary uses the English language to define words from all of the world's languages. This person is saying "hello" in American sign language.

1. (countable) A body of words, and set of methods of combining them (called a grammar), understood by a community and used as a form of communication.

   The English language and the German language are related.

   Deaf and mute people communicate using languages like ASL.

   • 1867, Report on the Systems of Deaf-Mute Instruction pursued in Europe, quoted in 1983 in History of the College for the Deaf, 1857-1907 →ISBN, page 240:

     Hence the natural language of the mute is, in schools of this class, suppressed as soon and as far as possible, and its existence as a language, capable of being made the reliable and precise vehicle for the widest range of thought, is ignored.

   • 1900, William Beckford, The History of the Caliph Vathek, page 50:

     No language could express his rage and despair.

   • 2000, Geary Hobson, The Last of the Ofos, →ISBN, page 113:

     Mr. Darko, generally acknowledged to be the last surviving member of the Ofo Tribe, was also the last remaining speaker of the tribe's language.

2. (uncountable) The ability to communicate using words.

   the gift of language

   • 1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 15:

     Language is the articulation of the limited to express the unlimited; it is the ultimate mystery which is the image of God, for in breaking up infinity to create finite beings, God has found a way to let the limited being yet be a reflection of His unlimited Being.

3. (uncountable) A sublanguage: the slang of a particular community or jargon of a particular specialist field.
   • 1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

     Thus, when he drew up instructions in lawyer language, he expressed the important words by an initial, a medial, or a final consonant, and made scratches for all the words between; his clerks, however, understood him very well.

   • 1991, Stephen Fry, The Liar, London: Heinemann, →OCLC, page 35:

     And ‘blubbing’... Blubbing went out with ‘decent’ and ‘ripping’. Mind you, not a bad new language to start up. Nineteen-twenties schoolboy slang could be due for a revival.

   legal language;   the language of chemistry

4. (countable, uncountable, figurative) The expression of thought (the communication of meaning) in a specified way; that which communicates something, as language does.

   body language;   the language of the eyes

   • 2001, Eugene C. Kennedy, Sara C. Charles, On Becoming a Counselor, →ISBN:

     A tale about themselves [is] told by people with help from the universal languages of their eyes, their hands, and even their shirting feet.

   • 2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 231:

     Birding had become like that for me. It is a language that, once learnt, I have been unable to unlearn.

5. (countable, uncountable) A body of sounds, signs and/or signals by which animals communicate, and by which plants are sometimes also thought to communicate.
   • 1983, The Listener, volume 110, page 14:

     A more likely hypothesis was that the attacked leaves were transmitting some airborne chemical signal to sound the alarm, rather like insects sending out warnings […] But this is the first time that a plant-to-plant language has been detected.

   • 2009, Animals in Translation, page 274:

     Prairie dogs use their language to refer to real dangers in the real world, so it definitely has meaning.

6. (computing, countable) A computer language; a machine language.
   • 2015, Kent D. Lee, Foundations of Programming Languages, →ISBN, page 94:

     In fact pointers are called references in these languages to distinguish them from pointers in languages like C and C++.

7. (uncountable) Manner of expression.
   • 1782, William Cowper, Hope

     Their language simple, as their manners meek, […]

8. (uncountable) The particular words used in a speech or a passage of text.

   The language used in the law does not permit any other interpretation.

   The language he used to talk to me was obscene.

9. (uncountable) Profanity.
   • 1978, James Carroll, Mortal Friends, →ISBN, page 500:

     "Where the hell is Horace?" ¶ "There he is. He's coming. You shouldn't use language."

Synonyms

• (form of communication): see Thesaurus:language
• (vocabulary of a particular field): see Thesaurus:jargon
• (computer language): computer language, programming language, machine language
• (particular words used): see Thesaurus:wording

Hypernyms

• medium

Hyponyms

• See Category:en:Languages

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

Verb

language (third-person singular simple present languages, present participle languaging, simple past and past participle languaged)

1. (rare, now nonstandard or technical) To communicate by language; to express in language.
   • 1655, Thomas Fuller, edited by James Nichols, The Church History of Britain, […], new edition, volumes (please specify |volume=I to III), London: […] [James Nichols] for Thomas Tegg and Son, […], published 1837, →OCLC:

     Others were languaged in such doubtful expressions that they have a double sense.

     The spelling has been modernized.

Interjection

language

1. An admonishment said in response to vulgar language.

   You're a pile of shit!
   Hey! Language!

See also

Etymology 2

Alteration of languet.

Noun

language (plural languages)

1. A languet, a flat plate in or below the flue pipe of an organ.
   • 1896, William Horatio Clarke, The Organist's Retrospect, →ISBN Invalid ISBN, page 79:

     A flue-pipe is one in which the air passes through the throat, or flue, which is the narrow, longitudinal aperture between the lower lip and the tongue, or language. […] The language is adjusted by slightly elevating or depressing it, […]

References

• “language”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• language in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
• “language”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

French language definition

Noun

language m (plural languages)

1. Archaic spelling of langage.

Middle English language definition

Noun

language (plural languages)

1. Alternative form of langage

Middle French language definition

Alternative forms

• langage, langaige, languaige

Etymology

From Old French language.

Noun

language m (plural languages)

1. language (style of communicating)

Related terms

• langue

Descendants

• French: langage, language
  • Haitian Creole: langaj
    • → English: langaj
  • Mauritian Creole: langaz
  • → Romanian: limbaj (partial calque)

Old French language definition

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *linguāticum, from Classical Latin lingua (“tongue, language”).

Pronunciation

• (archaic) IPA^(key): /lenˈɡwad͡ʒə/
• (classical) IPA^(key): /lanˈɡad͡ʒə/
• (late) IPA^(key): /lanˈɡaʒə/

Noun

language f (oblique plural languages, nominative singular language, nominative plural languages)

1. language (style of communicating)

Related terms

• langue, lingue

Descendants

• Bourguignon: langaige
• Middle French: language, langage, langaige, languaige
  • French: langage, language
    • Haitian Creole: langaj
      • → English: langaj
    • Mauritian Creole: langaz
    • → Romanian: limbaj (partial calque)

Borrowings: (some possibly from O.Occitan lenguatge instead)

• → Middle English: langage, language, langag, langwache
  • English: language
• → Friulian: lengaç
• → Ladin: lingaz
• → Romansch: linguatg, lungatg; lungaitg; linguach