data definition

English data definition

Alternative forms

• D (electronics)

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin data, nominative plural of datum (“that is given”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give”). Doublet of date.

Pronunciation

• (UK, Ireland, US)
  • enPR: dā'tə, IPA^(key): /ˈdeɪ.tə/
  • (US) IPA^(key): [ˈdeɪ.ɾə]

    • Audio 1 (US)

      (file)

  • Homophone: dater (in non-rhotic dialects)
  • Rhymes: -eɪtə
• (US, Canada, Ireland)
  • enPR: dăt'ə, IPA^(key): /ˈdæt.ə/, [ˈdæɾ.ə]

    • Audio 2 (US)

      (file)

  • Rhymes: -ætə
• (General Australian, New Zealand, General South African, UK formal)
  • enPR: dä'tə
    • (General South African, UK formal) IPA^(key): /ˈdɑːtə/
    • (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA^(key): /ˈdɐːtə/, [ˈdäːɾə]

      • Audio (AU)

        (file)

  • Homophone: darter (in non-rhotic dialects)
  • Rhymes: -ɑːtə
• (General Australian, New Zealand, variant) IPA^(key): /ˈdæɪtə/, [ˈdæɪɾə]
• (General South African, variant) IPA^(key): /ˈdee̝tə/

Noun

data

1. plural of datum
   • 1692, William Molyneux, Edmund Halley, Dioptrica nova‎^[1], London: Benj. Tooke, page 100:

     First from these Data, let us obtain the Breadth of the Glass e z

2. (collectively, uncountable) Information, especially in a scientific or computational context, or with the implication that it is organized.

   The raw information was processed and placed into a database so the data could be accessed more quickly.

   • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page vii:

     With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get […]

   • 2013 June 22, “Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 76:

     Risk is everywhere. […] For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you. “The Norm Chronicles” […] aims to help data-phobes find their way through this blizzard of risks.

3. (collectively) Recorded observations that are usually presented in a structured format.
4. (computing) A representation of facts or ideas in a formalized manner capable of being communicated or manipulated by some process.
6. (mobile telephony) Ellipsis of mobile data: digital information transmitted using the cellular telephone network rather than Wi-Fi.

   run out of data

Usage notes

• This word is more often used as an uncountable noun with a singular verb than as a plural noun with singular datum. Usage as a plural noun with a plural verb is far more common in formal contexts.
• In geodetic contexts, the word is used exclusively as an uncountable with the singular datum having the plural datums to replace it.
• The definition of data in the computing context is from an international standard vocabulary and is meant to distinguish data from information. However, this distinction is largely ignored by the computing profession.[2]

Hyponyms

• big data
• metadata
• primary data
• raw data

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

• → Turkish: data

Translations

References

• “data”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present. (The American Heritage Dictionary's usage note on 'data')
• John Quiggin: Data is not the plural of datum
• johnaugust.com: ‘Data’ is singular

Further reading

• data on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

• ADAT, TADA, a tad, adat, ta-da, tada

Afar data definition

Etymology

Cognate with Saho data.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /daˈta/, [dʌˈtʌ]
• Hyphenation: da‧ta

Verb

datá

1. (stative) be black

Conjugation

Conjugation of data (type III verb)
		1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular		1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
				m	f
present indicative I	V-affirmative	datiyóh	datitóh	datáh	datáh	datinóh	datitoonúh	datoonúh
	N-affirmative	datiyó	datitó	datá	datá	datinó	datitón	datón
	negative	mádatiyo	mádatito	mádata	mádata	mádatino	mádatiton	mádaton
present indicative II		affirmative present indicative I + imperfective of én
past indicative I		dátuk + perfective of én
past indicative II		dátuk + perfective of sugé
present potential	affirmative	datiyóm takkéh	datitóm takkéh	datám takkéh	datám takkéh	datinóm takkéh	datitoonúm takkéh	datoonúm takkéh
past conditional	affirmative	dátuk + past conditional of sugé
		-h converb	-k converb	-in(n)uh converb	infinitive
		dátih	dátuk	datínnuh	datíyya

Antonyms

• qadó (“be white”)

References

• E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), “data”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
• Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle; Mohamed Hassan Kamil (Aug 2013), “Gender, Number and Agreement in Afar (Cushitic language)”, in 43th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics‎^[3], Leiden: Leiden University, page 2
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[4], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 307

Catalan data definition

Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin data < Latin datus.

Pronunciation

• (Balearic, Central) IPA^(key): /ˈda.tə/
• (Valencian) IPA^(key): /ˈda.ta/

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

data f (plural dates)

1. date (specific moment in time)

Further reading

• “data” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
• “data” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “data”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
• “data” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Cebuano data definition

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: da‧ta

Noun

data

1. installment, partial payment

Chinese data definition

Etymology

From English data.

Pronunciation

Noun

data (Hong Kong Cantonese)

1. data (information)
2. data; mobile data
   1. Internet connection using mobile data, i.e. not using Wi-Fi

      呢個位收data好慢。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      呢个位收data好慢。 [Cantonese, simp.]

      ni¹ go³ wai^6-2 sau¹ dei¹ taa⁴ hou² maan⁶. [Jyutping]

      Receiving mobile data connection is very slow at this spot.

   2. quota or limit of mobile data usage

      爆data [Cantonese]  ―  baau³ dei¹ taa⁴ [Jyutping]  ―  to exceed the mobile data usage limit

      我今個月仲有好多data淨。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      我今个月仲有好多data净。 [Cantonese, simp.]

      ngo⁵ gam¹ go³ jyut⁶ zung⁶ jau⁵ hou² do¹ dei¹ taa⁴ zing⁶. [Jyutping]

      I still have a lot of [my] quota for mobile data usage left for this month.

Czech data definition

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdata]

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

data n pl (related adjective datový)

1. data

   Synonym: údaje

Declension

Related terms

Further reading

• data in Kartotéka Novočeského lexikálního archivu
• data in Internetová jazyková příručka

Danish data definition

Noun

data n (singular definite dataet, plural indefinite data)

1. datum, data
2. curriculum vitae, résumé

Inflection

Dutch data definition

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

data

1. plural of datum

   Synonym: datums

2. (uncountable) data, information

   Synonym: gegevens

Usage notes

Though some speakers use data "information" as a new singular rather than as the plural of datum (“data point”), this is generally prescribed against.[5][6][7] This is analogous to media in Dutch, which some speakers treat as a new singular rather than as a plural of medium.

Finnish data definition

Etymology

From Latin data.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɑtɑ/, [ˈdɑ̝t̪ɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑtɑ
• Syllabification^(key): da‧ta

Noun

data

1. data

Declension

Inflection of data (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		data	datat
genitive		datan	datojen
partitive		dataa	datoja
illative		dataan	datoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		data	datat
accusative	nom.	data	datat
	gen.	datan
genitive		datan	datojen datainrare
partitive		dataa	datoja
inessive		datassa	datoissa
elative		datasta	datoista
illative		dataan	datoihin
adessive		datalla	datoilla
ablative		datalta	datoilta
allative		datalle	datoille
essive		datana	datoina
translative		dataksi	datoiksi
abessive		datatta	datoitta
instructive		—	datoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of data (type kala)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative datani datani accusative nom. datani datani gen. datani genitive datani datojeni datainirare partitive dataani datojani inessive datassani datoissani elative datastani datoistani illative dataani datoihini adessive datallani datoillani ablative dataltani datoiltani allative datalleni datoilleni essive datanani datoinani translative datakseni datoikseni abessive datattani datoittani instructive — — comitative — datoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative datasi datasi accusative nom. datasi datasi gen. datasi genitive datasi datojesi dataisirare partitive dataasi datojasi inessive datassasi datoissasi elative datastasi datoistasi illative dataasi datoihisi adessive datallasi datoillasi ablative dataltasi datoiltasi allative datallesi datoillesi essive datanasi datoinasi translative dataksesi datoiksesi abessive datattasi datoittasi instructive — — comitative — datoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative datamme datamme accusative nom. datamme datamme gen. datamme genitive datamme datojemme dataimmerare partitive dataamme datojamme inessive datassamme datoissamme elative datastamme datoistamme illative dataamme datoihimme adessive datallamme datoillamme ablative dataltamme datoiltamme allative datallemme datoillemme essive datanamme datoinamme translative dataksemme datoiksemme abessive datattamme datoittamme instructive — — comitative — datoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative datanne datanne accusative nom. datanne datanne gen. datanne genitive datanne datojenne datainnerare partitive dataanne datojanne inessive datassanne datoissanne elative datastanne datoistanne illative dataanne datoihinne adessive datallanne datoillanne ablative dataltanne datoiltanne allative datallenne datoillenne essive datananne datoinanne translative dataksenne datoiksenne abessive datattanne datoittanne instructive — — comitative — datoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative datansa datansa accusative nom. datansa datansa gen. datansa genitive datansa datojensa datainsarare partitive dataansa datojaan datojansa inessive datassaan datassansa datoissaan datoissansa elative datastaan datastansa datoistaan datoistansa illative dataansa datoihinsa adessive datallaan datallansa datoillaan datoillansa ablative dataltaan dataltansa datoiltaan datoiltansa allative datalleen datallensa datoilleen datoillensa essive datanaan datanansa datoinaan datoinansa translative datakseen dataksensa datoikseen datoiksensa abessive datattaan datattansa datoittaan datoittansa instructive — — comitative — datoineen datoinensa

Synonyms

• anne (“datum”) (rare)

Derived terms

Further reading

• "data" in Kielitoimiston sanakirja (Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish).

French data definition

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /da.ta/

• Audio

  (file)

Verb

data

1. third-person singular past historic of dater

Ilocano data definition

Etymology 1

Cognate with Tagalog hilata.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdata/, [ˈdaː.ta]
• Hyphenation: da‧ta

Adjective

dáta

1. facing upwards; on one's back

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *da and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ta, an enclitic form of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kita (“we (inclusive), we (dual)”), whence Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kita (“we (inclusive)”). Compare Kankanaey daita (“we (two), you and I”), Pangasinan sikata (“we (two), you and I”), Kapampangan ikata (“we (two), you and I”), Tagalog kata (“we (two), you and I”), Bikol Central kita (“we (inclusive)”), Cebuano kita (“we (inclusive)”), and Maranao sekta (“we (inclusive)”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /daˈta/, [dɐˈta]
• Hyphenation: da‧ta

Pronoun

datá

1. First-person dual absolutive independent pronoun; we (two); us (two); you and I; you and me

   Synonym: sita

   Data laeng ti adda ti kasar ita nga aldaw. ― It is only us two who have a wedding today.

Derived terms

• datdata

See also

Indonesian data definition

Etymology

From Dutch data, from Latin data.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdata]
• Hyphenation: da‧ta
• Rhymes: -ta, -a

Noun

data

1. datum,
   1. a fact known from direct observation.
   2. a premise from which conclusions are drawn.
2. data,
   1. information, especially in a scientific or computational context, or with the implication that it is organized.
   2. recorded observations that are usually presented in a structured format.
   3. (computing) a representation of facts or ideas in a formalized manner capable of being communicated or manipulated by some process.

Derived terms

Related terms

Further reading

• “data” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Italian data definition

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈda.ta/
• Rhymes: -ata
• Hyphenation: dà‧ta

Etymology 1

From Late Latin data, from Latin datus.

Noun

data f (plural date)

1. date

   a {n} giorni data ― within {n} days

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

data

1. inflection of datare:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Participle

data f sg

1. feminine singular of dato

Related terms

See also

• dato / dati

Ladin data definition

Noun

data f (plural dates)

1. date (day number of the month)

Latin data definition

Pronunciation

• data: (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈda.ta/, [ˈd̪ät̪ä]
• data: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈda.ta/, [ˈd̪äːt̪ä]
• datā: (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈda.taː/, [ˈd̪ät̪äː]
• datā: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈda.ta/, [ˈd̪äːt̪ä]

Participle

data

1. inflection of datus:
   1. nominative/vocative/ablative feminine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

Noun

data

1. nominative/vocative/accusative plural of datum

References

• data in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

Maltese data definition

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian data.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdaː.ta/

Noun

data f (plural dati)

1. date
2. data

Related terms

Middle Irish data definition

Noun

data m

1. sire, father
2. foster father, godfather, guardian

   Synonym: aite

3. sir

Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Minangkabau data definition

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *datar, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dataʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *dataʀ.

Adjective

data

1. flat

Norwegian Bokmål data definition

Etymology

From Latin data, plural of datum (“gift, present”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give, offer”), from Proto-Italic *didō (“give”), from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti (“to be giving”), from *deh₃- (“give”).

Noun

data m or n (definite singular dataen or dataet, indefinite plural data, definite plural dataene)

1. data
2. short form of datateknologi

Derived terms

References

• “data” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk data definition

Etymology 1

From Latin data, plural of datum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɑː.tɑ/

Noun

data m or n

1. plural of datum

data m (definite singular dataen, indefinite plural data or dataar or dataer, definite plural dataane or dataene)

1. (plural: data, in the plural or collective and uncountable) data; information, especially in a computational context
2. (plural: dataar or dataer, countable) short for datamaskin (“computer”)
3. (collective, uncountable) short for datateknologi (“computer technology”)
5. (collective, uncountable, mobile telephony) short for mobildata (“mobile data”)

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From English date.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /²dɛɪ̯.tɑ/

Verb

data (present tense datar, past tense data, past participle data, imperative date)

1. a-infinitive form of date

References

• “data” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

• tada

Polish data definition

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin data.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈda.ta/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ata
• Syllabification: da‧ta

Noun

data f

1. date (point of time at which event takes place; a specific day)

Declension

Further reading

• data in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• data in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese data definition

Pronunciation

• (Northeast Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈda.ta/
• Rhymes: -atɐ
• Hyphenation: da‧ta

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Late Latin data, from Latin datus (“given”). Doublet of dada.

Noun

data f (plural datas)

1. date (point of time at which a transaction or event takes place)

   Qual é sua data de nascimento? ― What is your date of birth?

2. (informal) a large quantity

   Uma data de coisas. ― Lots of things.

3. (informal) a lot, a plot of land

   Quero comprar esta data. ― I want to buy this plot of land

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

data

1. inflection of datar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Romanian data definition

Etymology 1

Borrowed from French dater.

Verb

a data (third-person singular present datează, past participle datat) 1st conj.

1. to date

Conjugation

Etymology 2

Noun

data f

1. nominative/accusative definite singular of dată

Rwanda-Rundi data definition

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *tààtá.

Noun

dātá class 1a (plural bādâtá class 2a)

1. my father
2. my paternal uncle

See also

• so (“your father”)
• se (“his/her father”)
• mama (“my mother”)

Spanish data definition

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdata/ [ˈd̪a.t̪a]
• Rhymes: -ata
• Syllabification: da‧ta

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Late Latin data, from Latin datus.

Noun

data f (plural datas)

1. date (point of time at which a transaction or event takes place)

   Synonym: (more common) fecha

Derived terms

Related terms

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

data

1. inflection of datar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Further reading

• “data”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Swahili data definition

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya)

  (file)

Etymology 1

Borrowed from English data.

Noun

data (n class, plural data)

1. data (information, especially in a scientific or computational context)

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

-data (infinitive kudata)

1. to crackle
2. to miss a desired outcome
3. to adhere to something

Conjugation

Conjugation of -data
nadata Subjunctive -date Negative -dati Imperative singular data
Infinitives
kudata Negative kutodata
Imperatives
data Plural dateni
Tensed forms
hudata Positive past positive subject concord + -lidata Negative past negative subject concord + -kudata
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nadata) Singular Plural 1st person ninadata/nadata tunadata 2nd person unadata mnadata 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anadata wanadata other classes positive subject concord + -nadata
Negative present (negative subject concord + -dati) Singular Plural 1st person sidati hatudati 2nd person hudati hamdati 3rd person m-wa(I/II) hadati hawadati other classes negative subject concord + -dati
tadata Negative future negative subject concord + -tadata
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -date) Singular Plural 1st person nidate tudate 2nd person udate mdate 3rd person m-wa(I/II) adate wadate other classes positive subject concord + -date
sidate Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngedata Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singedata Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalidata Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalidata
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -adata) Singular Plural 1st person nadata twadata 2nd person wadata mwadata 3rd person m-wa(I/II) adata wadata m-mi(III/IV) wadata yadata ji-ma(V/VI) ladata yadata ki-vi(VII/VIII) chadata vyadata n(IX/X) yadata zadata u(XI) wadata see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwadata pa(XVI) padata mu(XVIII) mwadata
medata "Already" positive subject concord + -meshadata "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jadata "If/When" positive subject concord + -kidata "If not" positive subject concord + -sipodata Consecutive kadata / positive subject concord + -kadata Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kadate
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nidata -tudata 2nd person -kudata -wadata/-kudateni/-wadateni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mdata -wadata m-mi(III/IV) -udata -idata ji-ma(V/VI) -lidata -yadata ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kidata -vidata n(IX/X) -idata -zidata u(XI) -udata see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kudata pa(XVI) -padata mu(XVIII) -mudata Reflexive -jidata
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -data- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -dataye -datao m-mi(III/IV) -datao -datayo ji-ma(V/VI) -datalo -datayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -datacho -datavyo n(IX/X) -datayo -datazo u(XI) -datao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -datako pa(XVI) -datapo mu(XVIII) -datamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -data) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yedata -odata m-mi(III/IV) -odata -yodata ji-ma(V/VI) -lodata -yodata ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chodata -vyodata n(IX/X) -yodata -zodata u(XI) -odata see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kodata pa(XVI) -podata mu(XVIII) -modata
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Swedish data definition

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin data, from the plural of datum (“that which is given, information, facts at hand, a date in the calendar”).

The sense ”computer” is a clipping of datamaskin.

Noun

data c

1. (uncountable) information, especially encoded information that can be processed by computers
2. (colloquial, proscribed) Alternative form of dator (“computer”)

   Det är fel på datan. ― Something's wrong with the computer.

   • 1966, Olof Johannesson (pen name of Hannes Alfvén), Sagan om den stora datamaskinen:

     De första datorna var ju också mycket enkla.

     The first computers were indeed very simple.

Usage notes

• The first definition is rarely inflected, but most often used in its basic form. In the definite form, both neuter (datat) and common gender (datan) forms are used. For the compound indata, Google yields 440,000 hits, but only 2110 for indatan and 1200 for indatat. The Latin singular datum is not used in this sense, because it is already used for ”date (in the calendar)”.
• Swedish lacked a good and short word for computer until dator was proposed in 1967. The colloquial data was used in the 1960s and is still used colloquially today, but is usually proscribed. The form dator is also the plural of data, and the plural definite forms datorerna/datorna are very similar.

Declension

Declension of data
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	data	datan	dator	datorna
Genitive	datas	datans	dators	datornas

Derived terms

• trafikdata

References

• data in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• “Hur kan man använda data och datan? [How are data and datan used?]”, in Frågelådan‎^[8], Swedish Language Council, accessed 28 December 2019